SON concepts in the LTE

SON concepts are included in the LTE (E-UTRAN) standards starting from the first release of the technology (Release 8), and expanding in scope with subsequent releases. A key goal of 3GPP standardization is the support of SON features in multi-vendor network environments. 3GPP has defined a set of LTE SON use cases and associated SON functions.1 The standardized SON features effectively track the expected LTE network evolution stages as a function of time. With the first commercial networks to be launched in 2010, the initial focus of Release 8 has been functionality associated with initial equipment installation and integration. The scope of the first release of SON (Release includes the following 3GPP functions, covering different aspects of the eNodeB self configuration use case:

• Automatic inventory
• Automatic software download
• Automatic Neighbor Relation
• Automatic Physical Cell ID (PCI) assignment

The next release of SON, as standardized in Release 9, will provide SON functionality addressing more maturing networks. It includes these additional use cases:

• Coverage & Capacity Optimization
• Mobility optimization
• RACH optimization
• Load Balancing optimization

Other SON related aspects that are being discussed in the framework of Release 9 include improvement on the telecom management system to increase energy savings, a new OAM interface to control home eNodeBs, UE reporting functionality to minimize the amount of drive tests, studies on self-testing and self- healing functions, and minimization of drive testing. It should be clear that SON-related functionality will continue to expand through the subsequent releases of the LTE standard.

The SON specifications have been built over the existing 3GPP network management architecture, reusing much functionality that existed prior to Release 8. These management interfaces are being defined in a generic manner to leave room for innovation on different vendor implementations.

Here is a handy chart showing what are some of the working aspects of what SON does for a network.

Self Organization in Networks is being introduced to simplify and automate the initial provisioning, in operation optimization, and maintenance of mobile networks. The NGMN group has made recommendations and 3GPP has written some use cases into their standards for R8, R9 and R10 which cover LTE and LTE-Advanced. The SON implementation is within the eNB and the NEM. Initially proven in femtocell deployments, the next step is to apply this plug and play approach to big iron. Ultimately, the application of this automation will reduce the amount of human intervention required to integrate, optimize and maintain the network. The keywords within the specification are towards Self Configuration, Self Optimization and Self Healing.

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Femtocells were the original commercial use cases for SON.

TEORI DASAR MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) Pada Jaringan GSM

TEORI DASAR MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) Pada Jaringan GSM

MMS merupakan value added dari GSM. MMS bukan aplikasi yang spesifik harus jalan diatas GPRS. Standard MMS sendiri menggunakan WAP untuk mengirim dan menerima pesan MMS dari MMSC (MMS center) ke mobile device. Pada umumnya digunakan WAP over GPRS untuk melakukan pengiriman pesan MMS ini. Tetapi standard MMS sendiri cukup independent, sehingga GPRS dapat digunakan bearer lain seperti GSM-data (circuit switched), bahkan CDMA (Code Devision Multiplexing).

I. Perangkat yang mendukung MMS

I.1. Arsitektur MMS yang terintegrasi dari GSM GPRS

Multimedia messaging didefinisikan oleh 3GPP dan WAP sebagai badan standarisasi. Multimedia messaging service (MMS) menggunakan WAP sebagai sarana transportasi dan independent sebagai bearernya sehingga membuatnya bisa berjalan melalui jaringan GPRS. Layanan MMS yang diluncurkan menggunakan jaringan GPRS akan menawarkan fasilitas yang lebih bagi para pengguna. Jaringan GPRS menyediakan peningkatan yang penting dalam hal bandwidth dan bantuan peningkatan kerja layanan MMS dan penggunaannya. Berikut gambar jaringan GSM GPRS yang terintegrasi ke MMS.

Gambar 1. Arsitektur Jaringan GSM, GPRS, MMS.

1.2 Elemen- elemen pembangun MMS

Jaringan GSM GPRS yang terintegrasi dengan service MMS memiliki beberapa tambahan subsistem, yang terlihat pada gambar dibawah ini:

Gambar 2. Arsitektur Elemen – elemen MMS

Subsistem yang mutlak ada pada layanan MMS ini adalah:

1. MMSE ( MMS Environment ).

MMS environment meliputi seluruh elemen elemen yang menyediakan layanan MMS ke user. Pada user roaming, visited network merupakan bagian dari MMSE pelanggan tersebut.

2. MMS Proxy – Relay.

Elemen yang memberikan akses ke tempat penyimpanan pesan (MM strorage) di MMS server, menghandle incoming dan outgoing message, dan bertanggung jawab untuk mentransfer message dengan system yang lain, seperti dengan e-mail atau dengan system MMS jaringan yang lain.

3. MMS user Data base dan HLR ( Home Location Register ).

Element ini berisi data base informasi user/pelanggan, yang terdiri dari database user profile, database langganan dan HLR

4. MMS User Agent.

Elemen yang berhubungan dengan pelanggan/user dan diimplementasikan dengan perangkat pelanggan.

5. MMS VAS Aplication.

Elemen ini memberikan nilai pelayanan tambahan (Value Added Srevice) kepada pengguna MMS.

6. External Server.

Merupakan penyedia selain MMS, dapat berada dalam MMSE, misal: E-Mail Server dan lain-lain.

7. MMS Server

Elemen ini menyediakan layanan penyimpanan untuk MM message.

Didalam arsitektur MMS diatas juga ada interface yang digunakan sebagai komunikasi antar elemen-elemen pembangunnya. Setiap interface diatas mendukung sejumlah operasi seperti Message Submission, Message Retrieval, Message Forwarding. Beberapa interface telah distandarisasikan untuk menjamin interoperabilitas antara perangkat yang diproduksi oleh manufacturer yang beragam.

● MM1 Interface merupakan interface utama dalam MMSE. Dengan interface ini memungkinkan interaksi antara MMS User Agent, perangkat mobile, dan MMSC.

● MM2 Interface merupakan interface yang terletak antara MMS Relay dan MMS Server yamg digunakan untuk menggabungkan keduanya dalam bentuk sebuah MMSC.

● MM3 Interface merupakan interface yang terletak antara MMSC dengan External Server, yang memungkinkan bisa melakukan pertukaran pesan antara MMSC dan External server seperti Email Server dan SMSC.

● MM4 Interface merupakan interface yang terletak antara dua MMSC. Interface ini dibutuhkan untuk pertukaran pesan multimedia diantara MMSE.

● MM5 Interface memungkinkan interaksi antara MMSC dan elemen jaringan seperti HLR.

● MM6 Interface merupakan interface antara MMSC dengan user database.

● MM7 Interface merupakan interface yang terletak antara MMSC dan exsternal Value added Service application. Interface ini memungkinkan VAS application untuk meminta berbagai layanan dari MMSC dan untuk mendapatkan pesan dari remote MMS User Agent.

● MM8 Interface dibutuhkan untuk interaksi antara MMSC dan billing system.

I.3. Implementasi MMS.

MMSC yang digunakan di PT.Telkomsel menggunakan produk dari CMG dari belanda. MMSC yang digunakan berupa MMSC Smart yang mempunyai kemampuan menerima multimedia message maximum 2 MM/sec. Ciri-ciri dari CMG MMSC Smart sebagi berikut:

Biaya yang dikeluarkan sedikit/efektif dalam perawatan dan pemeliharaan

Menawarkan peningkatan kapasitas ke MMSC power maupun MMSC performance yang mempunyai kapasitas message lebih besar

MMSC Smart sangat ideal untuk MMS yang mempunyai traffik rendah

Gambar 5. Konfigurasi MMSC MMS PT.Telkomsel, jakarta

Fungsi Perangkat MMSC.

1. CMG Ethernet switch

Ethernet switch berfungsi sebagai penghubung semua aplikasi .

2. CMG MMSC

CMG MMSC merupakan bagian utama dari seluruh elemen konfigurasi MMSC diatas. Disamping itu dalam operasinya CMG MMSC berhubungan dengan berbagai jaringan eksternal melalui sebuah interface MMS khusus

3. CMG Multi Media Store

CMG Multi Media Store ada 2 yaitu:

MM Store : Penyimpanan pesan multimedia yang ditujukan ke MM User phone.

LS Message Store : Penyimpanan message yang berasal dari aplikasi E-mail dan LSS Subscriber.

4. CMG Anti Spam dan Anti Virus (SVCC)

SVCC merupakan salah satu firewall yang dimiliki oleh CMG yang berfungsi sebagai salah satu proteksi terhadap gangguan dari luar, misalnya virus dari internet.

5. CMG MM Transcoding

Transcoding berfungsi sebagai pengubahan format dari pesan yang dikirimkan dari pengirim ke penerima. Baru format AMR yang bisa ditranscoding yang akan berubah ke format WAVE untuk aplikasi mobile user ke e-mail.

6. CMG Management station

Management station ini berfungsi sebagai tempat pengontrolan dan memanage semua aplikasi konfigurasi Smart MMSC .

7. CMG WSB (Wireless Service Broker)

Komponen yang terdapat dalam WSB ada 2 yaitu

a. WAP Gateway

Berfungsi sebagai sarana konektifitas dalam pengambilan pesan maupun dalam pengiriman pesan. Media yang digunakan adalah WAP. Disamping itu WAP ini berfungsi menghubungkan MMSC dengan jaringan GSM dan GPRS Network Telkomsel dan jaringan eksternal yang lainnya seperti: SMSC

b.PPG (Push Proxy Gateway)

PPG merupakan fasilitas yang ada hubungannya dengan dengan LSS subscriber karena berfungsi sebagai gerbang untuk pengiriman notifikasi ke LSS tersebut.

Software CMG MMSC Smart PT.Telkomsel

Software yang mendukung MMSC yang digunakan di PT.Telkomsel yang dikeluarkan oleh CMG menggunakan versi 1.1 dimana ada 2 fitur yang ditawarkan yaitu fitur standard dan fitur pilihan.

3.2.1 Fitur Standard

Fitur standard yang terdapat di CMG MMSC Smart PT.Telkomsel diantaranya:

8. Mobile MMS

9. Billing Records

10. Inter operator MMS

11. Web-based Customer Care

12. Mobile-Email MMS

13. Address Resolution

14. Internet MMS

15. Copy-Forward/Diverting

16. Delivery/Read Reports

17. Delivery and Retrieval

18. Address Hiding

19. Profilling(Subscriber, CoS, VAS)

20. Mobile Addressing

3.2.2 Fitur Pilihan

Fitur pilihan yang terdapat di CMG MMSC Smart PT.Telkomsel diantaranya

1. WAP Push-Pull Gateway

2. Media Conversion

3. Prepaid Support

4. Auto Provisioning

5. Anti-Virus/Spam

6. E-mail to Mobile MM User

7. MMS to Shortcode (VAS Application)

8. Multimedia Store Aplication

3.3 Konsep Pengiriman dan Penerimaan MMS

Dalam penyampaian pesan dari originator user ke recipient ada beberapa kondisi yang mungkin

1. Pengirim dan penerima berada pada MMSE yang sama.

2. Pengirim dan penerima berada dalam dua MMSE yang berbeda.

3. Penerima bukan merupakan pelanggan MMS, kasus ini apabila dialamtkan ke email user atau ke pelanggan SMS.

II. Implementasi MMS di Telkom Flexi.

Arsitektur Jaringan MMS di CDMA 2000-1X Telkom Flexi.

Gambar 5. Arsitektur Jaringan MMS di CDMA 2000-1X Telkom Flexi.

Gambar 6. Protocol Reference Model of MMS at CDMA 2000-1X Telkom Flexi.

Mekanisme Pengiriman MMS di CDMA 2000-1xX Telkom Flexi.

a.Multimedia Message Notification

One of the services of MMS service is MM notification from MMS Relay/server recpient to MMS UA recipient.

b. Retrieving of Multimedia Message

At this art, MMS service contains of MM retrieval flow. Retrieving of MM is done by MMS User agent recipient from MMS Relay/Server recipient.

c. Multimedia Message passed on

This part is describing the mechanism of multimedia message sent which is forwarded to other recipients. Forwarding MMS UA will firstly passing on the multimedia message that has been accepted with or without firstly reading/seeing the message to the other MMS UA recipients (which address has been previously specified by MMS UA forwarding). When MMbox supporting it then the multimedia message can be saved at MMbox originator other than forwarding the message.

d. Delivery Report

This part will discuss the process of sending delivery report.

e. Read-Reply Report

This part will discuss on read-reply report sending from MMS User Agent recipient to MMS relay/server recipient and read-reply report from MMS relay/server originatior to MMS UA originator.

Gambar 7. MMS Flow at Telkom Flexi Network

Mulitimedia message transferred

1 Analysis of Pilot Intensity Ec/Io Distribution

In the CDMA 1X system, the pilot intensity (Ec/Io) is an important parameter indicating network forward coverage and same-frequency interference. Due to the interference-restricted characteristic of the CDMA system, how to control the pilot intensity (Ec/Io) is especially important. We take a site engineering case as the example to analyze and describe how to control pilot intensity (Ec/Io), as shown in Figure 1.

皋兰路1	Gaolan Rd.
天吴2	Tianwu2
天吴3	Tianwu3
百汇百货	Baihui Department Store
昆仑宾馆	Kunlun Hotel

Figure 1

As shown in Figure 1, this test point has five intense pilot branches, while a mobile phone has only three RAKE receivers to receive signals. The signals of the forth and fifth branches will not enter the RAKE receiver, i.e. will not enter the activation centralization, thus becoming interference and resulting in pilot pollution.

The same frequency band is used between various base stations of the CDMA system. Therefore, for inter-cell signals, it is a key factor in CDMA network construction to avoid interference to one another. Suppose one sector is selected, with its Ec given. The increase of signals in any cell in the network means the increase of Io, which will result in the decrease of Ec/Io of the cell. In the soft handover area, the effective soft handover branch can obtain soft handover gain, while other branches will produce interference as they fail to enter the soft handover area. When the intensity of these branches is large enough, the interference on signal becomes an extremely important factor. Therefore, the effective control on the signal of every sector becomes an important means of interference control in CDMA. In CDMA, on one hand, due to the introduction of soft handover, soft handover can be applied effectively in the handover area to obtain the gain of soft handover, so as to improve the network performance; on the other hand, since the number of Rake receivers of a mobile phone is limited (Currently, a mobile phone can effectively receive three soft handover braches), when the number of received signal branches exceeds the number of Rake receivers, the mobile phone will not be able to use these signals effectively. These signals result in interference on the valid signals. If the number of these signals exceeds the given threshold, they will result in serious interference on the valid signals. This is a kind of pilot pollution, i.e. there are excessive intense pilots in the receiving location.

Therefore, as pilot pollution is concerned, one case is: the number of pilots exceeding the given threshold > the number of Rake receivers. Generally, the value of this given threshold is the set value of T-Add. Currently, since a mobile phone has three valid branches, if there are more than 4 intense branches exceeding T-Add, it is regarded that pilot pollution exists.

Seen from the above analysis, pilot pollution is mainly the result of mutual interference of signals between multiple sectors. In ideal condition, the signals of various sectors should be strictly controlled in the designed range. However, due to the complexity of radio environment, including landform and appearance, building distribution, street distribution and waters etc., it is very difficult to control signals, and reach the ideal condition.

Since pilot pollution is mainly the result actions of multiple base stations, pilot pollution mainly occurs in the urban environment with dense base stations. In normal condition, several types of typical areas in which pilot pollution is like to occur are: high buildings, wide streets, viaducts, crossroads and the areas around waters.

The main causes of pilot pollution are: unreasonable cell layout, over-high location of base station or antenna, unreasonable location of antenna, unreasonable setting of antenna tilt angle, unreasonable setting of pilot power, and high geographic location of the coverage target. For the specific optimization, refer to cases in Importance of Constructing Radio Network Structure, Effects of Cell Layout on CDMA Network